factor code out of main, optimizations

10 files changed, 557 insertions, 514 deletions

diff --git a/.cargo/config.toml b/.cargo/config.toml
index 32794cb..6687bf8 100644
--- a/.cargo/config.toml
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
 [alias]
-profile = "run --features profiler"
+profile = "run --release --features profiler"
+release = "run --release"
diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index f0fb962..70f52c8 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -991,6 +991,15 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
+name = "fxhash"
+version = "0.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c31b6d751ae2c7f11320402d34e41349dd1016f8d5d45e48c4312bc8625af50c"
+dependencies = [
+ "byteorder",
+]
+
+[[package]]
 name = "gethostname"
 version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
@@ -2242,6 +2251,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "egui-winit",
  "env_logger",
  "futures",
+ "fxhash",
  "puffin",
  "puffin_http",
  "rand",
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
index b4c82b4..bd11afe 100644
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ rand = "0.10.2"
 rayon = "1.12.0"
 futures = "0.3.34"
 bytemuck = "1.25.2"
+fxhash = "0.2.1"
 
 [features]
 profiler = []
diff --git a/src/config.rs b/src/config.rs
index 54ec6b5..fc3e341 100644
--- a/src/config.rs
+++ b/src/config.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 pub const WINDOW_TITLE: &str = "pxs";
 
-pub const CHUNK_SIZE: i32 = 32;
+pub const CHUNK_SIZE: i32 = 128;
 pub const CELLS_IN_CHUNK: usize = (CHUNK_SIZE * CHUNK_SIZE) as usize;
 
 pub const CAMERA_MOVEMENT_SPEED: f32 = 40.0;
+
+pub const SIM_FPS: u32 = 120;
diff --git a/src/main.rs b/src/main.rs
index 420fb1b..92fe01e 100644
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/main.rs
@@ -1,15 +1,11 @@
 mod camera;
 mod config;
+mod renderer;
 mod sim;
-mod ui;
 
-use egui::Id;
-use egui_wgpu::{RendererOptions, ScreenDescriptor};
-use egui_winit::egui::{self, Context};
 use futures::executor;
 use rand::random_range;
 use std::{collections::VecDeque, sync::Arc, time::Instant};
-use wgpu::Origin3d;
 use winit::{
     application::ApplicationHandler,
     event::{
@@ -23,16 +19,15 @@ use winit::{
 
 use crate::{
     camera::Camera,
-    config::{CELLS_IN_CHUNK, CHUNK_SIZE, WINDOW_TITLE},
+    config::{SIM_FPS, WINDOW_TITLE},
+    renderer::RendererState,
     sim::{cell::Cell, materials::MaterialId, sim::sim_tick, world::World},
-    ui::draw_egui,
 };
 
 pub type Error = Box<dyn std::error::Error>;
 pub type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
 
 struct Config {
-    fps: u16,
     brush_radius: u8,
     brush_material: MaterialId,
     use_threading: bool,
@@ -55,489 +50,6 @@ struct Diagnostics {
     fps: f32,
 }
 
-struct RendererChunk {
-    texture: wgpu::Texture,
-    bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
-}
-
-#[repr(C)]
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
-struct ChunkData {
-    origin: [i32; 2],
-}
-
-struct RendererState {
-    window: Arc<Window>,
-    surface: wgpu::Surface<'static>,
-    device: wgpu::Device,
-    queue: wgpu::Queue,
-    config: wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration,
-    is_surface_configured: bool,
-
-    // egui
-    egui_context: egui::Context,
-    egui_state: egui_winit::State,
-    egui_renderer: egui_wgpu::Renderer,
-
-    // world pixels
-    renderer_chunks: Vec<RendererChunk>,
-    pixels_pipeline: wgpu::RenderPipeline,
-    camera_uniform_buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
-    camera_uniform_bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
-}
-
-impl RendererState {
-    // https://sotrh.github.io/learn-wgpu/beginner/tutorial1-window
-    pub async fn new(window: Arc<Window>) -> Self {
-        let size = window.inner_size();
-        println!("Got window! ({}x{})", size.width, size.height);
-
-        let instance = wgpu::Instance::default();
-        let surface = instance.create_surface(window.clone()).unwrap();
-
-        let adapter = instance
-            .request_adapter(&wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions {
-                compatible_surface: Some(&surface),
-                ..wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions::default()
-            })
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-
-        println!(
-            "Initialized adapter, using GPU '{}'",
-            adapter.get_info().name
-        );
-
-        let (device, queue) = adapter
-            .request_device(&wgpu::DeviceDescriptor {
-                required_features: wgpu::Features::default() | wgpu::Features::IMMEDIATES,
-                required_limits: wgpu::Limits {
-                    max_immediate_size: 16,
-                    ..wgpu::Limits::defaults()
-                },
-                ..wgpu::DeviceDescriptor::default()
-            })
-            .await
-            .unwrap();
-
-        device.on_uncaptured_error(Arc::new(|err| panic!("{err}")));
-
-        let surface_caps = surface.get_capabilities(&adapter);
-        let surface_format = surface_caps
-            .formats
-            .iter()
-            .find(|f| f.is_srgb())
-            .copied()
-            .unwrap_or(surface_caps.formats[0]);
-
-        let config = wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration {
-            usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
-            format: surface_format,
-            width: size.width,
-            height: size.height,
-            present_mode: wgpu::PresentMode::AutoNoVsync,
-            alpha_mode: surface_caps.alpha_modes[0],
-            view_formats: vec![],
-            desired_maximum_frame_latency: 2,
-        };
-
-        let egui_context = Context::default();
-        let egui_state = egui_winit::State::new(
-            egui_context.clone(),
-            egui_context.viewport_id(),
-            &window,
-            None,
-            None,
-            None,
-        );
-        let egui_renderer = egui_wgpu::Renderer::new(&device, surface_format, {
-            RendererOptions {
-                msaa_samples: 1,
-                ..RendererOptions::default()
-            }
-        });
-
-        let camera_uniform_bind_group_layout =
-            device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
-                label: None,
-                entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
-                    ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
-                        ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
-                        has_dynamic_offset: false,
-                        min_binding_size: None,
-                    },
-                    binding: 0,
-                    count: None,
-                    visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::VERTEX,
-                }],
-            });
-
-        let bind_group_layout = device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
-            label: None,
-            entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
-                ty: wgpu::BindingType::Texture {
-                    sample_type: wgpu::TextureSampleType::Float { filterable: true },
-                    view_dimension: wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2,
-                    multisampled: false,
-                },
-                binding: 0,
-                count: None,
-                visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
-            }],
-        });
-
-        let shader = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor {
-            label: Some("Shader"),
-            source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(include_str!("shader.wgsl").into()),
-        });
-
-        let pixels_pipeline_layout =
-            device.create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
-                label: None,
-                immediate_size: 16,
-                bind_group_layouts: &[
-                    Some(&camera_uniform_bind_group_layout),
-                    Some(&bind_group_layout),
-                ],
-            });
-
-        let pixels_pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
-            label: None,
-            layout: Some(&pixels_pipeline_layout),
-            vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
-                module: &shader,
-                entry_point: Some("vs_main"),
-                buffers: &[],
-                compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions::default(),
-            },
-            fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
-                module: &shader,
-                entry_point: Some("fs_main"),
-                targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState {
-                    format: config.format,
-                    blend: Some(wgpu::BlendState::REPLACE),
-                    write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::ALL,
-                })],
-                compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions::default(),
-            }),
-            primitive: wgpu::PrimitiveState {
-                topology: wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleStrip,
-                strip_index_format: None,
-                front_face: wgpu::FrontFace::Ccw,
-                cull_mode: None,
-                polygon_mode: wgpu::PolygonMode::Fill,
-                unclipped_depth: false,
-                conservative: false,
-            },
-            depth_stencil: None,
-            multisample: wgpu::MultisampleState::default(),
-            multiview_mask: None,
-            cache: None,
-        });
-
-        let camera_uniform_buffer = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
-            label: Some("Camera uniform buffer"),
-            size: 16,
-            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::UNIFORM | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
-            mapped_at_creation: false,
-        });
-
-        let camera_uniform_bind_group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
-            label: None,
-            layout: &camera_uniform_bind_group_layout,
-            entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
-                binding: 0,
-                resource: camera_uniform_buffer.as_entire_binding(),
-            }],
-        });
-
-        let mut renderer_chunks: Vec<RendererChunk> = Vec::new();
-        // match number of world chunks
-        // TODO refactor so that this implicit
-        for _ in -10..10 {
-            for _ in -10..10 {
-                let texture = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
-                    label: None,
-                    mip_level_count: 1,
-                    sample_count: 1,
-                    usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
-                    format: wgpu_types::TextureFormat::Rgba8UnormSrgb,
-                    size: wgpu::Extent3d {
-                        width: size.width,
-                        height: size.height,
-                        depth_or_array_layers: 1,
-                    },
-                    dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
-                    view_formats: &[],
-                });
-
-                let bind_group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
-                    label: None,
-                    layout: &bind_group_layout,
-                    entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
-                        binding: 0,
-                        resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&texture.create_view(
-                            &wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor {
-                                dimension: Some(wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2),
-                                usage: Some(
-                                    wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING
-                                        | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
-                                ),
-                                ..wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default()
-                            },
-                        )),
-                    }],
-                });
-
-                renderer_chunks.push(RendererChunk {
-                    texture,
-                    bind_group,
-                })
-            }
-        }
-
-        RendererState {
-            window,
-            surface,
-            device,
-            queue,
-            config,
-            is_surface_configured: false,
-
-            egui_context,
-            egui_state,
-            egui_renderer,
-
-            renderer_chunks,
-            pixels_pipeline,
-            camera_uniform_bind_group,
-            camera_uniform_buffer,
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn resize(&mut self, width: u32, height: u32) {
-        if width > 0 && height > 0 {
-            self.config.width = width;
-            self.config.height = height;
-            self.surface.configure(&self.device, &self.config);
-            self.is_surface_configured = true;
-        }
-    }
-
-    pub fn render(
-        &mut self,
-        world: &mut World,
-        camera: &mut Camera,
-        config: &mut Config,
-        diagnostics: &Diagnostics,
-        input: &Input,
-    ) {
-        puffin::profile_function!();
-
-        self.window.request_redraw();
-
-        if !self.is_surface_configured {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        let output = {
-            puffin::profile_scope!("Get current surface texture");
-            match self.surface.get_current_texture() {
-                wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Success(surface_texture) => surface_texture,
-                wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Suboptimal(surface_texture) => surface_texture,
-                wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Timeout
-                | wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Occluded
-                | wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Validation => {
-                    // Skip this frame
-                    return;
-                }
-                wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Outdated => {
-                    self.surface.configure(&self.device, &self.config);
-                    return;
-                }
-                wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Lost => {
-                    panic!("Lost device?");
-                }
-            }
-        };
-
-        let view = output
-            .texture
-            .create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
-
-        let mut encoder = self
-            .device
-            .create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor {
-                label: Some("Render Encoder"),
-            });
-
-        let raw_input = self.egui_state.take_egui_input(&self.window);
-        let full_output = self.egui_context.run_ui(raw_input, |ui| {
-            let right_panel = egui::Panel::right(Id::new("right_panel"));
-            right_panel
-                .resizable(false)
-                // TODO collapse button
-                .show_collapsible(ui, &mut true, |panel_ui| {
-                    draw_egui(panel_ui, config, camera, diagnostics, input)
-                });
-        });
-
-        self.egui_state
-            .handle_platform_output(&self.window, full_output.platform_output);
-
-        let clipped_primitives = self
-            .egui_context
-            .tessellate(full_output.shapes, full_output.pixels_per_point);
-
-        let pixels_per_point = full_output.pixels_per_point;
-
-        let size = self.window.inner_size();
-        let screen_descriptor = ScreenDescriptor {
-            size_in_pixels: [size.width, size.height],
-            pixels_per_point,
-        };
-
-        for (id, delta) in &full_output.textures_delta.set {
-            self.egui_renderer
-                .update_texture(&self.device, &self.queue, *id, delta);
-        }
-
-        self.egui_renderer.update_buffers(
-            &self.device,
-            &self.queue,
-            &mut encoder,
-            &clipped_primitives,
-            &screen_descriptor,
-        );
-
-        // write the camera buffer
-        self.queue.write_buffer(
-            &self.camera_uniform_buffer,
-            0,
-            bytemuck::bytes_of(&camera.to_uniform()),
-        );
-
-        // write the chunk textures
-        let mut chunk_buffer: [u8; (CELLS_IN_CHUNK * 4) as usize] =
-            [0; (CELLS_IN_CHUNK * 4) as usize];
-
-        {
-            puffin::profile_scope!("Upload chunk textures");
-            for &idx in world.chunk_position_to_chunk_idx.values() {
-                let chunk = &mut world.chunks[idx];
-                if !chunk.needs_texture_update {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                chunk.needs_texture_update = false;
-
-                // TODO use material palette to improve bandwidth of upload
-                for i in 0..CELLS_IN_CHUNK {
-                    let material = chunk.cells[i].material.def();
-                    chunk_buffer[i * 4] = material.color.0;
-                    chunk_buffer[i * 4 + 1] = material.color.1;
-                    chunk_buffer[i * 4 + 2] = material.color.2;
-                    chunk_buffer[i * 4 + 3] = material.color.3;
-                }
-
-                let render_chunk = &self.renderer_chunks[idx];
-                self.queue.write_texture(
-                    wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo {
-                        texture: &render_chunk.texture,
-                        aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
-                        mip_level: 0,
-                        origin: Origin3d::ZERO,
-                    },
-                    &chunk_buffer,
-                    wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout {
-                        bytes_per_row: Some(CHUNK_SIZE as u32 * 4),
-                        offset: 0,
-                        rows_per_image: Some(CHUNK_SIZE as u32),
-                    },
-                    wgpu::Extent3d {
-                        width: CHUNK_SIZE as u32,
-                        height: CHUNK_SIZE as u32,
-                        depth_or_array_layers: 1,
-                    },
-                );
-            }
-        }
-
-        {
-            puffin::profile_scope!("Main render pass");
-            let mut render_pass: wgpu::RenderPass<'_> =
-                encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
-                    label: Some("Render Pass"),
-                    color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
-                        view: &view,
-                        resolve_target: None,
-                        depth_slice: None,
-                        ops: wgpu::Operations {
-                            load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color {
-                                r: 0.0,
-                                g: 0.0,
-                                b: 0.0,
-                                a: 1.0,
-                            }),
-                            store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
-                        },
-                    })],
-                    depth_stencil_attachment: None,
-                    occlusion_query_set: None,
-                    timestamp_writes: None,
-                    multiview_mask: None,
-                });
-
-            render_pass.set_pipeline(&self.pixels_pipeline);
-
-            render_pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.camera_uniform_bind_group, &[]);
-
-            // TODO only visible chunks
-            for cx in -10..10 {
-                for cy in -10..10 {
-                    if let Some(idx) = world.chunk_position_to_chunk_idx.get(&(cx, cy)) {
-                        let render_chunk = &self.renderer_chunks[*idx];
-                        render_pass.set_bind_group(1, &render_chunk.bind_group, &[]);
-                        render_pass
-                            .set_immediates(0, bytemuck::bytes_of(&ChunkData { origin: [cx, cy] }));
-                        render_pass.draw(0..4, 0..1);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        {
-            puffin::profile_scope!("Egui render pass");
-            let mut egui_pass = encoder
-                .begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
-                    label: Some("egui pass"),
-                    color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
-                        view: &view,
-                        resolve_target: None,
-                        depth_slice: None,
-                        ops: wgpu::Operations {
-                            load: wgpu::LoadOp::Load,
-                            store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
-                        },
-                    })],
-                    depth_stencil_attachment: None,
-                    timestamp_writes: None,
-                    occlusion_query_set: None,
-                    multiview_mask: None,
-                })
-                .forget_lifetime();
-
-            self.egui_renderer
-                .render(&mut egui_pass, &clipped_primitives, &screen_descriptor);
-        }
-
-        {
-            puffin::profile_scope!("Submit queue and present");
-            self.queue.submit(std::iter::once(encoder.finish()));
-            output.present();
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 struct App {
     window: Option<Arc<Window>>,
     renderer_state: Option<RendererState>,
@@ -555,7 +67,9 @@ struct App {
     ignore_pause_next_tick: bool,
 
     // used to compute delta_time
-    last_frame_real: Instant,
+    last_sim_tick: Instant,
+    sim_ticks_due: f32,
+    last_render: Instant,
 
     config: Config,
     diagnostics: Diagnostics,
@@ -586,10 +100,11 @@ impl Default for App {
             sim_paused: false,
             ignore_pause_next_tick: false,
 
-            last_frame_real: Instant::now(),
+            last_sim_tick: Instant::now(),
+            sim_ticks_due: 0.,
+            last_render: Instant::now(),
 
             config: Config {
-                fps: 120,
                 use_threading: true,
                 brush_radius: 10,
                 brush_material: MaterialId::Sand,
@@ -694,11 +209,12 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for App {
                     puffin::GlobalProfiler::lock().new_frame();
 
                     puffin::profile_scope!("redraw_requested");
-                    // compute frame delta
+                    // compute FPS diagnostics
                     let now = Instant::now();
-                    let secs_since_last_frame = (now - self.last_frame_real).as_secs_f32();
+                    let secs_since_last_frame = (now - self.last_render).as_secs_f32();
+                    self.last_render = now;
+
                     let delta_time = secs_since_last_frame / (1.0 / 60.0);
-                    self.last_frame_real = now;
 
                     self.diagnostics
                         .frame_times
@@ -746,12 +262,25 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for App {
                         }
                     }
 
-                    // TODO check if we need to run another sim tick given the sim speed + delta_time
                     // SIM logic
-                    if !self.sim_paused || self.ignore_pause_next_tick {
+                    let secs_since_last_tick = (now - self.last_sim_tick).as_secs_f32();
+                    let expected_secs_since_last_tick = 1.0 / SIM_FPS as f32;
+
+                    if self.sim_paused && self.ignore_pause_next_tick {
                         sim_tick(world, self.sim_seqno, self.config.use_threading);
                         self.sim_seqno += 1;
                         self.ignore_pause_next_tick = false;
+                    } else if !self.sim_paused {
+                        self.sim_ticks_due += secs_since_last_tick / expected_secs_since_last_tick;
+                        self.last_sim_tick = now;
+                        let mut ticks_done = 0;
+                        // don't ever tick more than 3 times per frame, or else we can get a pseudo deadlock
+                        while self.sim_ticks_due >= 1.0 && ticks_done < 3 {
+                            sim_tick(world, self.sim_seqno, self.config.use_threading);
+                            self.sim_seqno += 1;
+                            ticks_done += 1;
+                        }
+                        self.sim_ticks_due -= ticks_done as f32;
                     }
 
                     renderer_state.render(
@@ -768,8 +297,6 @@ impl ApplicationHandler for App {
     }
 
     fn about_to_wait(&mut self, _: &ActiveEventLoop) {
-        // let frame_duration: Duration = Duration::from_micros(1_000_000 / self.config.fps as u64);
-        // limit our internal redraw requests to (fps)
         if let Some(window) = &self.window {
             window.request_redraw();
         } else {
diff --git a/src/renderer/mod.rs b/src/renderer/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fcc5d36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/renderer/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,497 @@
+mod ui;
+
+use std::sync::Arc;
+
+use winit::window::Window;
+
+use crate::{
+    Config, Diagnostics, Input,
+    camera::Camera,
+    config::{CELLS_IN_CHUNK, CHUNK_SIZE},
+    renderer::ui::draw_egui,
+    sim::world::World,
+};
+
+struct RendererChunk {
+    texture: wgpu::Texture,
+    bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+struct ChunkData {
+    origin: [i32; 2],
+}
+
+pub struct RendererState {
+    window: Arc<Window>,
+    surface: wgpu::Surface<'static>,
+    device: wgpu::Device,
+    queue: wgpu::Queue,
+    config: wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration,
+    is_surface_configured: bool,
+
+    // egui
+    egui_context: egui::Context,
+    // TODO remove pub
+    pub egui_state: egui_winit::State,
+    egui_renderer: egui_wgpu::Renderer,
+
+    // world pixels
+    renderer_chunks: Vec<RendererChunk>,
+    pixels_pipeline: wgpu::RenderPipeline,
+    camera_uniform_buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
+    camera_uniform_bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
+}
+
+impl RendererState {
+    // https://sotrh.github.io/learn-wgpu/beginner/tutorial1-window
+    pub async fn new(window: Arc<Window>) -> Self {
+        let size = window.inner_size();
+        println!("Got window! ({}x{})", size.width, size.height);
+
+        let instance = wgpu::Instance::default();
+        let surface = instance.create_surface(window.clone()).unwrap();
+
+        let adapter = instance
+            .request_adapter(&wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions {
+                compatible_surface: Some(&surface),
+                ..wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions::default()
+            })
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        println!(
+            "Initialized adapter, using GPU '{}'",
+            adapter.get_info().name
+        );
+
+        let (device, queue) = adapter
+            .request_device(&wgpu::DeviceDescriptor {
+                required_features: wgpu::Features::default() | wgpu::Features::IMMEDIATES,
+                required_limits: wgpu::Limits {
+                    max_immediate_size: 16,
+                    ..wgpu::Limits::defaults()
+                },
+                ..wgpu::DeviceDescriptor::default()
+            })
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+
+        device.on_uncaptured_error(Arc::new(|err| panic!("{err}")));
+
+        let surface_caps = surface.get_capabilities(&adapter);
+        let surface_format = surface_caps
+            .formats
+            .iter()
+            .find(|f| f.is_srgb())
+            .copied()
+            .unwrap_or(surface_caps.formats[0]);
+
+        let config = wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration {
+            usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
+            format: surface_format,
+            width: size.width,
+            height: size.height,
+            present_mode: wgpu::PresentMode::AutoNoVsync,
+            alpha_mode: surface_caps.alpha_modes[0],
+            view_formats: vec![],
+            desired_maximum_frame_latency: 2,
+        };
+
+        let egui_context = egui::Context::default();
+        let egui_state = egui_winit::State::new(
+            egui_context.clone(),
+            egui_context.viewport_id(),
+            &window,
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+        );
+        let egui_renderer = egui_wgpu::Renderer::new(&device, surface_format, {
+            egui_wgpu::RendererOptions {
+                msaa_samples: 1,
+                ..egui_wgpu::RendererOptions::default()
+            }
+        });
+
+        let camera_uniform_bind_group_layout =
+            device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+                label: None,
+                entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                    ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
+                        ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
+                        has_dynamic_offset: false,
+                        min_binding_size: None,
+                    },
+                    binding: 0,
+                    count: None,
+                    visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::VERTEX,
+                }],
+            });
+
+        let bind_group_layout = device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+            label: None,
+            entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                ty: wgpu::BindingType::Texture {
+                    sample_type: wgpu::TextureSampleType::Float { filterable: true },
+                    view_dimension: wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2,
+                    multisampled: false,
+                },
+                binding: 0,
+                count: None,
+                visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::FRAGMENT,
+            }],
+        });
+
+        let shader = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Shader"),
+            source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(include_str!("../shader/shader.wgsl").into()),
+        });
+
+        let pixels_pipeline_layout =
+            device.create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
+                label: None,
+                immediate_size: 16,
+                bind_group_layouts: &[
+                    Some(&camera_uniform_bind_group_layout),
+                    Some(&bind_group_layout),
+                ],
+            });
+
+        let pixels_pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
+            label: None,
+            layout: Some(&pixels_pipeline_layout),
+            vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
+                module: &shader,
+                entry_point: Some("vs_main"),
+                buffers: &[],
+                compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions::default(),
+            },
+            fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
+                module: &shader,
+                entry_point: Some("fs_main"),
+                targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState {
+                    format: config.format,
+                    blend: Some(wgpu::BlendState::REPLACE),
+                    write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::ALL,
+                })],
+                compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions::default(),
+            }),
+            primitive: wgpu::PrimitiveState {
+                topology: wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleStrip,
+                strip_index_format: None,
+                front_face: wgpu::FrontFace::Ccw,
+                cull_mode: None,
+                polygon_mode: wgpu::PolygonMode::Fill,
+                unclipped_depth: false,
+                conservative: false,
+            },
+            depth_stencil: None,
+            multisample: wgpu::MultisampleState::default(),
+            multiview_mask: None,
+            cache: None,
+        });
+
+        let camera_uniform_buffer = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Camera uniform buffer"),
+            size: 16,
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::UNIFORM | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
+            mapped_at_creation: false,
+        });
+
+        let camera_uniform_bind_group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+            label: None,
+            layout: &camera_uniform_bind_group_layout,
+            entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                binding: 0,
+                resource: camera_uniform_buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+            }],
+        });
+
+        let mut renderer_chunks: Vec<RendererChunk> = Vec::new();
+        // match number of world chunks
+        // TODO refactor so that this implicit
+        for _ in -10..10 {
+            for _ in -10..10 {
+                let texture = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+                    label: None,
+                    mip_level_count: 1,
+                    sample_count: 1,
+                    usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
+                    format: wgpu_types::TextureFormat::Rgba8UnormSrgb,
+                    size: wgpu::Extent3d {
+                        width: CHUNK_SIZE as u32,
+                        height: CHUNK_SIZE as u32,
+                        depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+                    },
+                    dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+                    view_formats: &[],
+                });
+
+                let bind_group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+                    label: None,
+                    layout: &bind_group_layout,
+                    entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                        binding: 0,
+                        resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&texture.create_view(
+                            &wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor {
+                                dimension: Some(wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2),
+                                usage: Some(
+                                    wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING
+                                        | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
+                                ),
+                                ..wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default()
+                            },
+                        )),
+                    }],
+                });
+
+                renderer_chunks.push(RendererChunk {
+                    texture,
+                    bind_group,
+                })
+            }
+        }
+
+        RendererState {
+            window,
+            surface,
+            device,
+            queue,
+            config,
+            is_surface_configured: false,
+
+            egui_context,
+            egui_state,
+            egui_renderer,
+
+            renderer_chunks,
+            pixels_pipeline,
+            camera_uniform_bind_group,
+            camera_uniform_buffer,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn resize(&mut self, width: u32, height: u32) {
+        if width > 0 && height > 0 {
+            self.config.width = width;
+            self.config.height = height;
+            self.surface.configure(&self.device, &self.config);
+            self.is_surface_configured = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn render(
+        &mut self,
+        world: &mut World,
+        camera: &mut Camera,
+        config: &mut Config,
+        diagnostics: &Diagnostics,
+        input: &Input,
+    ) {
+        puffin::profile_function!();
+
+        self.window.request_redraw();
+
+        if !self.is_surface_configured {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        let output = {
+            puffin::profile_scope!("Get current surface texture");
+            match self.surface.get_current_texture() {
+                wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Success(surface_texture) => surface_texture,
+                wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Suboptimal(surface_texture) => surface_texture,
+                wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Timeout
+                | wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Occluded
+                | wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Validation => {
+                    // Skip this frame
+                    return;
+                }
+                wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Outdated => {
+                    self.surface.configure(&self.device, &self.config);
+                    return;
+                }
+                wgpu::CurrentSurfaceTexture::Lost => {
+                    panic!("Lost device?");
+                }
+            }
+        };
+
+        let view = output
+            .texture
+            .create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+
+        let mut encoder = self
+            .device
+            .create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor {
+                label: Some("Render Encoder"),
+            });
+
+        let raw_input = self.egui_state.take_egui_input(&self.window);
+        let full_output = self.egui_context.run_ui(raw_input, |ui| {
+            let right_panel = egui::Panel::right(egui::Id::new("right_panel"));
+            right_panel
+                .resizable(false)
+                // TODO collapse button
+                .show_collapsible(ui, &mut true, |panel_ui| {
+                    draw_egui(panel_ui, config, camera, diagnostics, input)
+                });
+        });
+
+        self.egui_state
+            .handle_platform_output(&self.window, full_output.platform_output);
+
+        let clipped_primitives = self
+            .egui_context
+            .tessellate(full_output.shapes, full_output.pixels_per_point);
+
+        let pixels_per_point = full_output.pixels_per_point;
+
+        let size = self.window.inner_size();
+        let screen_descriptor = egui_wgpu::ScreenDescriptor {
+            size_in_pixels: [size.width, size.height],
+            pixels_per_point,
+        };
+
+        for (id, delta) in &full_output.textures_delta.set {
+            self.egui_renderer
+                .update_texture(&self.device, &self.queue, *id, delta);
+        }
+
+        self.egui_renderer.update_buffers(
+            &self.device,
+            &self.queue,
+            &mut encoder,
+            &clipped_primitives,
+            &screen_descriptor,
+        );
+
+        // write the camera buffer
+        self.queue.write_buffer(
+            &self.camera_uniform_buffer,
+            0,
+            bytemuck::bytes_of(&camera.to_uniform()),
+        );
+
+        // write the chunk textures
+        let mut chunk_buffer: [u8; (CELLS_IN_CHUNK * 4) as usize] =
+            [0; (CELLS_IN_CHUNK * 4) as usize];
+
+        {
+            puffin::profile_scope!("Upload chunk textures");
+            for &idx in world.chunk_position_to_chunk_idx.values() {
+                let chunk = &mut world.chunks[idx];
+                if !chunk.needs_texture_update {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                chunk.needs_texture_update = false;
+
+                // TODO use material palette to improve bandwidth of upload
+                for i in 0..CELLS_IN_CHUNK {
+                    let material = chunk.cells[i].material.def();
+                    chunk_buffer[i * 4] = material.color.0;
+                    chunk_buffer[i * 4 + 1] = material.color.1;
+                    chunk_buffer[i * 4 + 2] = material.color.2;
+                    chunk_buffer[i * 4 + 3] = material.color.3;
+                }
+
+                let render_chunk = &self.renderer_chunks[idx];
+                self.queue.write_texture(
+                    wgpu::TexelCopyTextureInfo {
+                        texture: &render_chunk.texture,
+                        aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+                        mip_level: 0,
+                        origin: wgpu::Origin3d::ZERO,
+                    },
+                    &chunk_buffer,
+                    wgpu::TexelCopyBufferLayout {
+                        bytes_per_row: Some(CHUNK_SIZE as u32 * 4),
+                        offset: 0,
+                        rows_per_image: Some(CHUNK_SIZE as u32),
+                    },
+                    wgpu::Extent3d {
+                        width: CHUNK_SIZE as u32,
+                        height: CHUNK_SIZE as u32,
+                        depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+                    },
+                );
+            }
+        }
+
+        {
+            puffin::profile_scope!("Main render pass");
+            let mut render_pass: wgpu::RenderPass<'_> =
+                encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+                    label: Some("Render Pass"),
+                    color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+                        view: &view,
+                        resolve_target: None,
+                        depth_slice: None,
+                        ops: wgpu::Operations {
+                            load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color {
+                                r: 0.0,
+                                g: 0.0,
+                                b: 0.0,
+                                a: 1.0,
+                            }),
+                            store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
+                        },
+                    })],
+                    depth_stencil_attachment: None,
+                    occlusion_query_set: None,
+                    timestamp_writes: None,
+                    multiview_mask: None,
+                });
+
+            render_pass.set_pipeline(&self.pixels_pipeline);
+
+            render_pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.camera_uniform_bind_group, &[]);
+
+            // TODO only visible chunks
+            for cx in -10..10 {
+                for cy in -10..10 {
+                    if let Some(idx) = world.chunk_position_to_chunk_idx.get(&(cx, cy)) {
+                        let render_chunk = &self.renderer_chunks[*idx];
+                        render_pass.set_bind_group(1, &render_chunk.bind_group, &[]);
+                        render_pass
+                            .set_immediates(0, bytemuck::bytes_of(&ChunkData { origin: [cx, cy] }));
+                        render_pass.draw(0..4, 0..1);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        {
+            puffin::profile_scope!("Egui render pass");
+            let mut egui_pass = encoder
+                .begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+                    label: Some("egui pass"),
+                    color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+                        view: &view,
+                        resolve_target: None,
+                        depth_slice: None,
+                        ops: wgpu::Operations {
+                            load: wgpu::LoadOp::Load,
+                            store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
+                        },
+                    })],
+                    depth_stencil_attachment: None,
+                    timestamp_writes: None,
+                    occlusion_query_set: None,
+                    multiview_mask: None,
+                })
+                .forget_lifetime();
+
+            self.egui_renderer
+                .render(&mut egui_pass, &clipped_primitives, &screen_descriptor);
+        }
+
+        {
+            puffin::profile_scope!("Submit queue and present");
+            self.queue.submit(std::iter::once(encoder.finish()));
+            output.present();
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/ui.rs b/src/renderer/ui.rs
index 8608447..87ab878 100644
--- a/src/ui.rs
+++ b/src/renderer/ui.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,6 @@ pub fn draw_egui<'a>(
             }
         });
 
-    ui.add(egui::Slider::new(&mut config.fps, 1..=1000).text("Max FPS"));
     ui.checkbox(&mut config.use_threading, "Use multithreading");
     ui.label(format!("Real FPS: {}", diagnostics.fps));
     ui.heading("Camera");
diff --git a/src/shader.wgsl b/src/shader/shader.wgsl
index 6adcda8..bd38cf0 100644
--- a/src/shader.wgsl
+++ b/src/shader/shader.wgsl
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ fn vs_main(
     let corner = vec2f(f32(i & 1u), f32(i >> 1u));
 
     // CHUNK_SIZE
-    let world = (vec2f(chunk.origin) + corner) * 32.0;
+    let world = (vec2f(chunk.origin) + corner) * 128.0;
     let ndc = (world - camera.centre) * camera.scale;
 
     out.clip_position = vec4f(ndc, 0.0, 1.0);
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ fn vs_main(
 @fragment
 fn fs_main(in: VertexOutput) -> @location(0) vec4<f32> {
     // CHUNK_SIZE
-    let dims = vec2f(32.0, 32.0);
+    let dims = vec2f(128.0, 128.0);
     return textureLoad(tex, vec2i(in.uv * dims), 0);
     // return vec4f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 1.0);
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/sim/sim.rs b/src/sim/sim.rs
index ef2fc80..4c6d908 100644
--- a/src/sim/sim.rs
+++ b/src/sim/sim.rs
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-use std::{collections::HashMap, marker::PhantomData};
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
+use fxhash::FxHashMap;
 use rayon::iter::{IntoParallelRefIterator, ParallelIterator};
 
 use crate::{
@@ -73,11 +74,13 @@ pub fn set_cell(chunks: &mut [Option<&mut Chunk>; 9], x: i32, y: i32, cell: Cell
         if let Some(chunk) = &mut chunks[(dcx + 1 + (dcy + 1) * 3) as usize] {
             chunk.set_cell_at_local_position(nc_x, nc_y, cell);
             chunk.needs_texture_update = true;
+            chunk.sleeping = false;
         }
     } else {
         if let Some(target) = &mut chunks[4] {
             target.set_cell_at_local_position(x as u8, y as u8, cell);
             target.needs_texture_update = true;
+            target.sleeping = false;
         }
     }
 }
@@ -90,15 +93,18 @@ impl UpdateCtx<'_, '_, '_> {
     }
 
     fn set_cell(&mut self, dx: i32, dy: i32, cell: Cell) {
+        // cannot move out of the neighbourhood, but also cannot move to the edge of the neighbourhood
+        // as this would wake a chunk outside of the neighbourhood
+        debug_assert!(dx > -15 && dx < 15);
+        debug_assert!(dy > -15 && dy < 15);
         let x = self.x + dx;
         let y = self.y + dy;
         set_cell(self.chunks, x, y, cell);
-        // wake all the chunks
         self.chunks.iter_mut().for_each(|c| {
             if let Some(chunk) = c {
                 chunk.sleeping = false;
             }
-        });
+        })
     }
 
     pub fn candidates_swap(&mut self, candidates: &[(i32, i32)]) -> bool {
@@ -170,7 +176,7 @@ const NEIGHBORHOOD_OFFSETS: [(i32, i32); 9] = [
 pub fn sim_tick(world: &mut World, seqno: u64, use_threading: bool) {
     puffin::profile_function!();
 
-    let mut columns: HashMap<i32, Vec<i32>> = HashMap::new();
+    let mut columns: FxHashMap<i32, Vec<i32>> = FxHashMap::default();
     for &(cx, cy) in world.chunk_position_to_chunk_idx.keys() {
         columns.entry(cx).or_default().push(cy);
     }
diff --git a/src/sim/world.rs b/src/sim/world.rs
index bdb1286..6645d4e 100644
--- a/src/sim/world.rs
+++ b/src/sim/world.rs
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use std::collections::HashMap;
+use fxhash::FxHashMap;
 
 use crate::{
     config::CHUNK_SIZE,
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ use crate::{
 
 pub struct World {
     pub chunks: Vec<Chunk>,
-    // TODO FxHashMap?
-    pub chunk_position_to_chunk_idx: HashMap<(i32, i32), usize>,
+    // TODO FxFxHashMap?
+    pub chunk_position_to_chunk_idx: FxHashMap<(i32, i32), usize>,
 }
 
 impl World {
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ impl World {
     pub fn from_default_size() -> Self {
         let mut world = World {
             chunks: Vec::new(),
-            chunk_position_to_chunk_idx: HashMap::new(),
+            chunk_position_to_chunk_idx: FxHashMap::default(),
         };
 
         for y in -10..10 {